Temples classified by Ilankovatikal

Abstract

This research article aims to decipher the underlying principles governing the four-fold classification of temples as narrated by Ilangovadikal in the Tamil epic Cilapatikaram. The significance of this study lies in deconstructing the specific socio-religious criteria used for this categorization. To objectively infer the socio-cultural landscape of early Tamil society, it is essential to trace the timeline and mechanism through which the Varna (social hierarchy) system became intertwined with indigenous cults and worship practices.

Adopting a traditional descriptive and socio-historical methodology, this study utilizes Cilapatikaram as its primary data source. The Sangam anthologies (Ettuthogai and Pattupattu), Manimekalai, ancient lexicons (Nikandus), commentaries, archeological findings, and contemporary fieldwork serve as secondary data. The analysis reveals that the integration of the four Varnas with Tamil religious spaces was already underway during the period of the earliest Sangam anthologies. Ultimately, the study concludes that Ilangovadikal's temple taxonomy is not merely architectural or sectarian, but rather a profound reflection of the evolving social stratification in ancient Tamil Nadu.